Portal Vein Doppler
Flow direction: Hepatopetal (towards the liver) — above the baseline if the probe orientation is standard.
Velocity: Typically, 20–40 cm/s in fasting adults.
Waveform: Monophasic with mild respiratory variation.
Abnormal Findings
Hepatofugal flow: Flow away from the liver — may indicate advanced portal hypertension.
Turbulent or absent flow: Suggestive of portal vein thrombosis or stenosis.
Markedly reduced velocity (<15 cm/s): Often associated with portal hypertension.
Pulsatile flow: Can be seen in right heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation, or hepatic congestion
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